Fail if not every members is in the collection.

Combines the given strings together and returns the result. The given strings are not altered by this keyword.

compare the two XML files to see if they contain the same data but could be if different order. It just split the xml in to lines and just check the line is in the other file

If the given node is a leaf node, there will be an only one link for it and nodeid will be represented 2 times in topology If the given node is not a leaf node, then there will be fanout+1 links for it and nodeid will be represented (fanout+1)*2 times in topology

p.s. root node is excluded.

returns num of switches of a mininet with tree topology with particular depth and fanout parameters